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the wool industry

  • 1 Artificial Wool

    Is really a recovered waste product, and has grown to an important branch of the textile industry. A large quantity of cheap suits are made from these yarns, of which there arc several varieties, known as mungo, shoddy, extract wool, etc. The various wool wastes which are obtained from rags and waste containing wool, cotton or other fibres are so treated that the vegetable fibres are destroyed by chemical means. The animal fibres remaining are respun into yarns. The term is wrongly applied because the fibre is actually wool, although recovered (see also under Mungo, Shoddy, Extract Wool). The term is also given to a rayon fibre manufactured in Italy and sold as "Snia-fil". The Wool Textile Delegation should give a definite ruling on materials such as this which have no wool in their make-up (see Wool Substitutes)

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Artificial Wool

  • 2 Falkland Isles Wool

    Sheep breeding is about the most important industry of these islands. While not quite so valuable as the Punta wools, nevertheless, the original Cheviot strain introduced by Scotch settlers is always apparent in the wools grown today, and where tweed effects are desired they are often used in combination with wools of a like nature, and for knit goods. The quality range is from 46's to 50's, and the wool is a coarse type of Cheviot having a fibre somewhat harsh and weak, but of a good colour.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Falkland Isles Wool

  • 3 lanero

    adj.
    wool.
    m.
    1 dealer in wool.
    2 warehouse for wool (almacén).
    3 wool dealer, wool seller, wool stapler, wool merchant.
    * * *
    1 wool
    * * *
    lanero, -a
    1.
    ADJ wool antes de s, woollen, woolen (EEUU)
    2.
    SM / F (=persona) wool dealer
    3.
    SM (=almacén) wool warehouse
    * * *
    I
    - ra adjetivo wool (before n)
    II
    - ra masculino, femenino wool merchant
    * * *
    = woollen [woolen, -USA].
    Ex. Results of experiments have indicated that because the beetles favour fleecy woollen material, this material can be used to trap insects in library book depositories.
    * * *
    I
    - ra adjetivo wool (before n)
    II
    - ra masculino, femenino wool merchant
    * * *
    = woollen [woolen, -USA].

    Ex: Results of experiments have indicated that because the beetles favour fleecy woollen material, this material can be used to trap insects in library book depositories.

    * * *
    lanero1 -ra
    wool ( before n)
    lanero2 -ra
    masculine, feminine
    wool merchant
    * * *
    lanero, -a
    ♦ adj
    wool;
    la producción lanera wool production
    ♦ nm,f
    [persona] wool dealer
    * * *
    I adj wool atr
    II m, lanera f wool merchant, wool trader

    Spanish-English dictionary > lanero

  • 4 lana

    f wool
    pura lana vergine pure new wool
    * * *
    lana s.f.
    1 wool: lana greggia, grezza, raw wool; lana comune, ordinary wool; lana ordinaria, broad wool; lana ruvida, harsh wool; lana scelta, matchings; un gomitolo di lana, a ball of wool; una matassa di lana, a skein of wool; bioccolo di lana, lock of wool; l'industria della lana, the wool industry; tingere la lana, to dye wool // di lana, woollen; wool (attr.): abito di lana, woollen dress; filo di lana, woollen yarn; stoffa, articoli di lana, woollen goods; tessuto di lana, woollen cloth; tessuto di lana pettinata, worsted fabric // (tess.): pura lana vergine, pure new wool; lana a fibra corta, short-stapled wool; lana a fibra lunga, long-stapled wool; lana contenente cascame, noily wool; lana corta, frib; lana da carda, carding (o clothing) wool; lana da concia, pulled wool; lana debole, tender wool; lana difettosa, defective wool; lana fragile, brittle wool; cardatura della lana, wool-carding; filatura della lana, wool-spinning; pettinatura della lana, wool-combing; tessitura della lana, wool-weaving // (ind.): lana d'acciaio, steel wool; lana di vetro, glass wool (o fibreglass) // (edil.): lana di legno, wood wool; lana di roccia, rock wool // (chim.) grasso di lana, woolfat (o wool grease)
    2 (bot.) (lanugine) nap, floss, egret
    3 (fig.) (di persona) è una buona lana quello!, he's an old rascal!
    * * *
    ['lana]
    sostantivo femminile wool

    di lana — woollen BE, woolen AE, wool attrib.

    ••
    * * *
    lana
    /'lana/
    sostantivo f.
    wool; di lana woollen BE, woolen AE, wool attrib.; pura lana (vergine) pure (new) wool
    \
    questione di lana caprina captious remark; essere una buona lana to be a rascal o a scallywag
    \
    lana d'acciaio steel wool; lana di vetro glass wool.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > lana

  • 5 lainier

    - ière lɛnje, ɛʀ adjectif [industrie] wool (épith); [région] wool-producing
    * * *
    lɛnje, jɛʀ adj (-ière)
    (industrie, production) wool modif
    * * *
    A adj [industrie, commerce] wool ( épith); [région] wool-producing; [race] bred for its wool.
    B ⇒ Les métiers et les professions nm,f ( commerçant) wool trader; ( ouvrier) wool worker; ( industriel) manufacturer in the wool industry.
    ( féminin lainière) [lɛnje, ɛr] adjectif
    [production] wool (modificateur)
    ————————
    , lainière [lɛnje, ɛr] nom masculin, nom féminin
    1. [industriel] wool manufacturer
    2. [ouvrier] wool worker
    3. [commerçant] wool stapler

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > lainier

  • 6 Imitation Backed Fabrics

    This class of fabric is largely used in the wool industry for making coatings and dress fabrics of a medium weight. They are really the backs of corkscrew weaves stitched to produce reasonable imitations of common twills on the back of the fabric. All ends and picks weave on both sides of the cloth. Most simple weaves can be re-arranged to produce an appearance similar to a backed cloth and all weaves arranged on the warp principle will be applicable for the weft principle when turned round.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Imitation Backed Fabrics

  • 7 Brush Dabbing

    A brush used in the wool industry to press the material to the bottom of the pins in a comb circle, so that it may be thoroughly combed.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Brush Dabbing

  • 8 Skin Wools

    These are the product of the fellmongering industry as carried on in the Colonies, on the Continent, and in this country to a smaller extent. They consist of the wool removed from the skins of sheep slaughtered for mutton purposes. Many of these " skin " wools are of excellent quality; but large quantities, through unsatisfactory treatment during separation, and because of the absence of sorting, and neglect in skirting, picking, etc., are only useful for medium and low-class goods. Such wools lack spinning property, have a harsh handle, and do not mill and dye in the manner of the " fleece " wools. " Skin " wools are of the following types: - (1) Sun-dried and removed from the skin by a process of sweating; (2) separated by chemical agency, chiefly by sodium sulphide; (3) sliped from the skin after fibre separation through the application of lime (see slipe). Mazamet, France, is a great centre of the fellmongering industry, and a big business is done. Wools that are often of excellent quality and colour are taken from skins collected from all the principal wool-growing parts, and forwarded to all the important manufacturing centres through agents. Wools of Class 2 are largely the product of Colonial fellmongering stations in which the industry is of more recent growth. The system employed is the sodium sulphide process. Sodium suphide has the property of destroying the epidermis of the skin while improving the quality of the pelt. A 10 per cent solution of sodium sulphide will dissolve wool completely in 15 minutes. After washing, the skins are painted on the flesh side with thick paint of sodium sulphide. The skins are allowed to lie overnight, and the roots of the wool become loosened, the hair bulbs being destroyed, after which the wool is readily pulled by hand.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Skin Wools

  • 9 Lister, Samuel Cunliffe, 1st Baron Masham

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 1 January 1815 Calverly Hall, Bradford, England
    d. 2 February 1906 Swinton Park, near Bradford, England
    [br]
    English inventor of successful wool-combing and waste-silk spinning machines.
    [br]
    Lister was descended from one of the old Yorkshire families, the Cunliffe Listers of Manningham, and was the fourth son of his father Ellis. After attending a school on Clapham Common, Lister would not go to university; his family hoped he would enter the Church, but instead he started work with the Liverpool merchants Sands, Turner \& Co., who frequently sent him to America. In 1837 his father built for him and his brother a worsted mill at Manningham, where Samuel invented a swivel shuttle and a machine for making fringes on shawls. It was here that he first became aware of the unhealthy occupation of combing wool by hand. Four years later, after seeing the machine that G.E. Donisthorpe was trying to work out, he turned his attention to mechanizing wool-combing. Lister took Donisthorpe into partnership after paying him £12,000 for his patent, and developed the Lister-Cartwright "square nip" comber. Until this time, combing machines were little different from Cartwright's original, but Lister was able to improve on this with continuous operation and by 1843 was combing the first fine botany wool that had ever been combed by machinery. In the following year he received an order for fifty machines to comb all qualities of wool. Further combing patents were taken out with Donisthorpe in 1849, 1850, 1851 and 1852, the last two being in Lister's name only. One of the important features of these patents was the provision of a gripping device or "nip" which held the wool fibres at one end while the rest of the tuft was being combed. Lister was soon running nine combing mills. In the 1850s Lister had become involved in disputes with others who held combing patents, such as his associate Isaac Holden and the Frenchman Josué Heilmann. Lister bought up the Heilmann machine patents and afterwards other types until he obtained a complete monopoly of combing machines before the patents expired. His invention stimulated demand for wool by cheapening the product and gave a vital boost to the Australian wool trade. By 1856 he was at the head of a wool-combing business such as had never been seen before, with mills at Manningham, Bradford, Halifax, Keighley and other places in the West Riding, as well as abroad.
    His inventive genius also extended to other fields. In 1848 he patented automatic compressed air brakes for railways, and in 1853 alone he took out twelve patents for various textile machines. He then tried to spin waste silk and made a second commercial career, turning what was called "chassum" and hitherto regarded as refuse into beautiful velvets, silks, plush and other fine materials. Waste silk consisted of cocoon remnants from the reeling process, damaged cocoons and fibres rejected from other processes. There was also wild silk obtained from uncultivated worms. This is what Lister saw in a London warehouse as a mass of knotty, dirty, impure stuff, full of bits of stick and dead mulberry leaves, which he bought for a halfpenny a pound. He spent ten years trying to solve the problems, but after a loss of £250,000 and desertion by his partner his machine caught on in 1865 and brought Lister another fortune. Having failed to comb this waste silk, Lister turned his attention to the idea of "dressing" it and separating the qualities automatically. He patented a machine in 1877 that gave a graduated combing. To weave his new silk, he imported from Spain to Bradford, together with its inventor Jose Reixach, a velvet loom that was still giving trouble. It wove two fabrics face to face, but the problem lay in separating the layers so that the pile remained regular in length. Eventually Lister was inspired by watching a scissors grinder in the street to use small emery wheels to sharpen the cutters that divided the layers of fabric. Lister took out several patents for this loom in his own name in 1868 and 1869, while in 1871 he took out one jointly with Reixach. It is said that he spent £29,000 over an eleven-year period on this loom, but this was more than recouped from the sale of reasonably priced high-quality velvets and plushes once success was achieved. Manningham mills were greatly enlarged to accommodate this new manufacture.
    In later years Lister had an annual profit from his mills of £250,000, much of which was presented to Bradford city in gifts such as Lister Park, the original home of the Listers. He was connected with the Bradford Chamber of Commerce for many years and held the position of President of the Fair Trade League for some time. In 1887 he became High Sheriff of Yorkshire, and in 1891 he was made 1st Baron Masham. He was also Deputy Lieutenant in North and West Riding.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Created 1st Baron Masham 1891.
    Bibliography
    1849, with G.E.Donisthorpe, British patent no. 12,712. 1850, with G.E. Donisthorpe, British patent no. 13,009. 1851, British patent no. 13,532.
    1852, British patent no. 14,135.
    1877, British patent no. 3,600 (combing machine). 1868, British patent no. 470.
    1868, British patent no. 2,386.
    1868, British patent no. 2,429.
    1868, British patent no. 3,669.
    1868, British patent no. 1,549.
    1871, with J.Reixach, British patent no. 1,117. 1905, Lord Masham's Inventions (autobiography).
    Further Reading
    J.Hogg (ed.), c. 1888, Fortunes Made in Business, London (biography).
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London; and C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press (both cover the technical details of Lister's invention).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Lister, Samuel Cunliffe, 1st Baron Masham

  • 10 Donisthorpe, George Edmond

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    fl. c.1842 England
    [br]
    English inventor of a wool-combing machine.
    [br]
    Edmund Cartwright's combing machine needed a great deal of improvement before it could be used to tackle the finer qualities of wool. Various people carried out experiments over the next thirty years, including G.E.Donisthorpe of Leicester. Together with Henry Rawson, Donisthorpe obtained his first patent for improvements to wool combing in 1835, but his important ones were obtained in 1842 and 1843. These attracted the attention of S.C. Lister, who had become interested in developing a machine to comb wool after seeing the grim working conditions of the hand-combers supplying his mill at Manningham. Lister was quick to perceive that Donisthorpe's invention carried sufficient promise to replace the hand-comber, so in 1842 he made Donisthorpe an offer, which was accepted, of £2,000 for half the patent rights. In the following year Lister purchased the other half of the patent for £10,000, whereby Donisthorpe ceased to have any pecuniary interest in it. Lister took Donisthorpe into partnership and they worked together over the ensuing years with patience and diligence until they eventually succeeded in bringing out a combing machine that was generally acceptable. They were combing fine botany wool for the first time by machine in 1843. Further patents were taken out in their joint names in 1849 and 1850: these included the "nip" mechanism, the priority of which was disputed by Heilmann. Donisthorpe also took out patents for wool combing with John Whitehead in 1849 and John Crofts in 1853.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1835, British patent no. 6,808 (improvements to wool combing). 1842. British patent no. 9,404.
    1843. British patent no. 9,966.
    1843, British patent no. 9,780.
    1849, with S.C.Lister, British patent no. 12,712.
    1849, with S.C.Lister, British patent no. 13,009. 1849, with S.C.Lister, British patent no. 13,532. 1849, with John Whitehead, British patent no. 12,603. 1853, with John Crofts, British patent no. 216.
    Further Reading
    J.Hogg (ed.), c.1888, Fortunes Made in Business, London (provides an account of the association between Donisthorpe and Lister).
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (explains the technical details of combing machines).
    C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press (includes a good section on combing machines).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Donisthorpe, George Edmond

  • 11 Noble, James

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    fl. 1850s England
    [br]
    English inventor of the most generally used wool-combing machine.
    [br]
    For many years James Noble had been experimenting with combing machines and had taken out patents, but it was not until he was nearly 50 that he invented a really successful one. In 1853 he took out patents for the machine with which his name has become associated. His invention differed from all others in that the combing and clearing away of the noil was done by and through circles revolving in the same direction with practically the same surface speed. It consisted of a large horizontal revolving circle of vertical pins onto which the wool fibres were fed, and inside this were smaller circles of heated pins revolving at the same speed and which also caught the fibres. The combing occurred at the point where the circles separated. Further rollers drew the fibres off the pins of the other circles. The Noble comb became the machine mostly used for wool combing because of its mechanical simplicity, adaptability for varying classes of wool, superior output and economy, for it required little supervision.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1853, British patent no. 890 (wool-combing machine). 1853, British patent no. 894 (wool-combing machine).
    Further Reading
    L.J.Mills, 1927, The Textile Educator, London (for a full description of the Noble comb).
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (provides a good short account of the principles of Noble's machine).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Noble, James

  • 12 Cartwright, Revd Edmund

    [br]
    b. 24 April 1743 Marnham, Nottingham, England
    d. 30 October 1823 Hastings, Sussex, England
    [br]
    English inventor of the power loom, a combing machine and machines for making ropes, bread and bricks as well as agricultural improvements.
    [br]
    Edmund Cartwright, the fourth son of William Cartwright, was educated at Wakefield Grammar School, and went to University College, Oxford, at the age of 14. By special act of convocation in 1764, he was elected Fellow of Magdalen College. He married Alice Whitaker in 1772 and soon after was given the ecclesiastical living of Brampton in Derbyshire. In 1779 he was presented with the living of Goadby, Marwood, Leicestershire, where he wrote poems, reviewed new works, and began agricultural experiments. A visit to Matlock in the summer of 1784 introduced him to the inventions of Richard Arkwright and he asked why weaving could not be mechanized in a similar manner to spinning. This began a remarkable career of inventions.
    Cartwright returned home and built a loom which required two strong men to operate it. This was the first attempt in England to develop a power loom. It had a vertical warp, the reed fell with the weight of at least half a hundredweight and, to quote Gartwright's own words, "the springs which threw the shuttle were strong enough to throw a Congreive [sic] rocket" (Strickland 19.71:8—for background to the "rocket" comparison, see Congreve, Sir William). Nevertheless, it had the same three basics of weaving that still remain today in modern power looms: shedding or dividing the warp; picking or projecting the shuttle with the weft; and beating that pick of weft into place with a reed. This loom he proudly patented in 1785, and then he went to look at hand looms and was surprised to see how simply they operated. Further improvements to his own loom, covered by two more patents in 1786 and 1787, produced a machine with the more conventional horizontal layout that showed promise; however, the Manchester merchants whom he visited were not interested. He patented more improvements in 1788 as a result of the experience gained in 1786 through establishing a factory at Doncaster with power looms worked by a bull that were the ancestors of modern ones. Twenty-four looms driven by steam-power were installed in Manchester in 1791, but the mill was burned down and no one repeated the experiment. The Doncaster mill was sold in 1793, Cartwright having lost £30,000, However, in 1809 Parliament voted him £10,000 because his looms were then coming into general use.
    In 1789 he began working on a wool-combing machine which he patented in 1790, with further improvements in 1792. This seems to have been the earliest instance of mechanized combing. It used a circular revolving comb from which the long fibres or "top" were. carried off into a can, and a smaller cylinder-comb for teasing out short fibres or "noils", which were taken off by hand. Its output equalled that of twenty hand combers, but it was only relatively successful. It was employed in various Leicestershire and Yorkshire mills, but infringements were frequent and costly to resist. The patent was prolonged for fourteen years after 1801, but even then Cartwright did not make any profit. His 1792 patent also included a machine to make ropes with the outstanding and basic invention of the "cordelier" which he communicated to his friends, including Robert Fulton, but again it brought little financial benefit. As a result of these problems and the lack of remuneration for his inventions, Cartwright moved to London in 1796 and for a time lived in a house built with geometrical bricks of his own design.
    Other inventions followed fast, including a tread-wheel for cranes, metallic packing for pistons in steam-engines, and bread-making and brick-making machines, to mention but a few. He had already returned to agricultural improvements and he put forward suggestions in 1793 for a reaping machine. In 1801 he received a prize from the Board of Agriculture for an essay on husbandry, which was followed in 1803 by a silver medal for the invention of a three-furrow plough and in 1805 by a gold medal for his essay on manures. From 1801 to 1807 he ran an experimental farm on the Duke of Bedford's estates at Woburn.
    From 1786 until his death he was a prebendary of Lincoln. In about 1810 he bought a small farm at Hollanden near Sevenoaks, Kent, where he continued his inventions, both agricultural and general. Inventing to the last, he died at Hastings and was buried in Battle church.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Board of Agriculture Prize 1801 (for an essay on agriculture). Society of Arts, Silver Medal 1803 (for his three-furrow plough); Gold Medal 1805 (for an essay on agricultural improvements).
    Bibliography
    1785. British patent no. 1,270 (power loom).
    1786. British patent no. 1,565 (improved power loom). 1787. British patent no. 1,616 (improved power loom).
    1788. British patent no. 1,676 (improved power loom). 1790, British patent no. 1,747 (wool-combing machine).
    1790, British patent no. 1,787 (wool-combing machine).
    1792, British patent no. 1,876 (improved wool-combing machine and rope-making machine with cordelier).
    Further Reading
    M.Strickland, 1843, A Memoir of the Life, Writings and Mechanical Inventions of Edmund Cartwright, D.D., F.R.S., London (remains the fullest biography of Cartwright).
    Dictionary of National Biography (a good summary of Cartwright's life). For discussions of Cartwright's weaving inventions, see: A.Barlow, 1878, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London; R.L. Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester. F.Nasmith, 1925–6, "Fathers of machine cotton manufacture", Transactions of the
    Newcomen Society 6.
    H.W.Dickinson, 1942–3, "A condensed history of rope-making", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 23.
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (covers both his power loom and his wool -combing machine).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Cartwright, Revd Edmund

  • 13 Marsden, Samuel

    [br]
    b. 1764 Parsley, Yorkshire, England
    d. 1838 Australia
    [br]
    English farmer whose breeding programme established the Australian wool industry.
    [br]
    Although his father was a farmer, at the age of 10 Samuel Marsden went to work as a blacksmith, and continued in that trade for ten years. He then decided to go into the Church, was educated at Hull Grammar School and Cambridge, and was ordained in 1793. He then emigrated to Australia, where he took up an appointment as Assistant Chaplain to the Colony. He was stationed at Parramatta, where he was granted 100 acres and bought a further 128 acres himself. In 1800 he became Principal Chaplain, and by 1802 he farmed the third largest farm in the colony. Initially he was able to obtain only two Marino rams and was forced to crossbreed with imported Indian stock. However, with this combination he was able to improve wool quality dramatically, and this stock provided the basis of his breeding stock. In 1807 he returned to Britain, taking 160 lb of wool with him. This was woven into 40 yards (36.5 m) of cloth in a mill near Leeds, and from this Marsden had a suit made which he wore when he visited George III. The latter was so impressed with the cloth that he presented Marsden with five Marino ewes in lamb, with which he returned to Australia. By 1811 he was sending more than 5,000 lb of wool back to the UK each year. In 1814 Marsden concentrated more on Church matters and made the first of seven missionary visits to New Zealand. He made the last of these excursions the year before his death.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Vice-President, New South Wales Agricultural Society (on its foundation) 1821.
    Further Reading
    Michael Ryder, 1983, Sheep and Man, Duckworth (a definitive study on sheep history that deals in detail with Marsden's developments).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Marsden, Samuel

  • 14 prestamista

    adj.
    lending.
    f. & m.
    1 moneylender.
    2 lender, money lender, moneylender, pawnbroker.
    * * *
    1 moneylender
    * * *
    SMF [de dinero] moneylender; [de empeños] pawnbroker
    * * *
    masculino y femenino moneylender
    * * *
    = money-lender, loaner, moneylender, lender, pawnbroker.
    Ex. Humphrey Chetham, wool-factor and money-lender, left £1,000 to be used for the purchase of 'some fit place for the said library'.
    Ex. The library lends electronic copies of copyrighted books, and protects the copyright of its loaners with its own system.
    Ex. Fortunately, banks have successfully weaned people away from pawnshops and moneylenders.
    Ex. Loan sharks are unlicensed lenders, they operate illegally and away from any sort of regulation that governs the financial industry.
    Ex. Hard times in the US are benefiting pawnbrokers as beleaguered consumers pledge jewels, electronics and other goods in return for loans.
    ----
    * prestamista de libros = book lender.
    * * *
    masculino y femenino moneylender
    * * *
    = money-lender, loaner, moneylender, lender, pawnbroker.

    Ex: Humphrey Chetham, wool-factor and money-lender, left £1,000 to be used for the purchase of 'some fit place for the said library'.

    Ex: The library lends electronic copies of copyrighted books, and protects the copyright of its loaners with its own system.
    Ex: Fortunately, banks have successfully weaned people away from pawnshops and moneylenders.
    Ex: Loan sharks are unlicensed lenders, they operate illegally and away from any sort of regulation that governs the financial industry.
    Ex: Hard times in the US are benefiting pawnbrokers as beleaguered consumers pledge jewels, electronics and other goods in return for loans.
    * prestamista de libros = book lender.

    * * *
    moneylender
    * * *

    prestamista sustantivo masculino y femenino
    moneylender
    prestamista mf moneylender
    ' prestamista' also found in these entries:
    English:
    moneylender
    - pawnbroker
    - lender
    - money
    * * *
    moneylender
    * * *
    m/f moneylender
    * * *
    : moneylender, pawnbroker

    Spanish-English dictionary > prestamista

  • 15 der

    I best. Art.
    1. m; (Nom. Sg.) the; der eine ist fleißig, der andere faul (the) one is hard-working, the other one is lazy; der Tod death; der Mensch (alle Menschen) man(kind), humankind; der große Goethe the famous Goethe; der arme Peter poor Peter; der Peter, den ich kenne the Peter (who oder that) I know; der Hyde Park Hyde Park
    2. (Gen Sg. von die) of the; die Mauern der Stadt auch the city walls
    3. (Dat Sg. von die) to the; den Schlüssel habe ich der Nachbarin gegeben I gave the key to the neighbo(u)r
    4. (Gen Pl. von der, die, das) of the; die Ankunft der Kinder auch the children’s arrival
    II Dem. Pron.
    1. m; (Nom. Sg.) that (one), this (one); (er) he, it; der Mann hier this man; der mit dem Bart the one with the beard; nur der kann das verstehen, der... only he ( oder that man) who... can understand it; der und baden gehen? you won’t catch him going swimming; der und ehrlich? Dass ich nicht lache! him? honest? Pull the other one! ( oder Give me a break!)
    2. (Dat Sg. von die) zu der und der Zeit umg. at such and such a time
    III Rel. Pron.
    1. m; (Nom. Sg.) bei Personen: who, that; bei Sachen: which, that; der Bezirk, der einen Teil von X bildet the district forming part of X; der erste Stein, der geworfen wurde the first stone that was thrown; er war der Erste, der es erfuhr he was the first to know; jeder, der... anyone who...; ich, der ich selbst dabei war I, who was there myself
    2. (Dat Sg. von die) bei Personen: who(m), who... to, to whom förm.; bei Sachen: that, which; die Freundin, der ich meine Sorgen erzählte the friend (whom) I told about my problems ( oder to whom I told my problems)
    * * *
    which one (Pron.); that (Pron.); which (Pron.); who (Pron.); the ( Artikel)
    * * *
    I [deːɐ]
    1. def art
    1) gen sing, pl von die of the

    das Miauen dér Katze — the miaowing of the cat, the cat's miaowing

    2) dat sing von die to the; (mit Präposition) the
    2. dem pron dat sing von die
    1) (adjektivisch) to that; (mit Präpositionen) that
    2) (substantivisch) to her; her
    3. rel pron dat sing
    to whom, that or who(m)... to; (mit Präposition) who(m); (von Sachen) to which, which... to; which II [deːɐ] pl die
    1. def art gen des, der, des, pl der dat dem, der, dem, pl den acc den, die, das, pl die
    the

    dér/die Arme! — the poor man/woman or girl

    dér Engländer (dated inf: = die Engländer) — the Englishman

    dér Faust — Faust

    dér Hans (inf) — Hans

    dér kleine Hans — little Hans

    dér Rhein — the Rhine

    dér Michigansee — Lake Michigan

    die "Bismarck" — the "Bismarck"

    dér Lehrer/die Frau (im Allgemeinen) — teachers pl/women pl

    dér Tod/die Liebe/das Leben — death/love/life

    dér Tod des Sokrates — the death of Socrates

    in dem England, das ich kannte — in the England (that or which) I knew

    er liebt den Jazz/die Oper/das Kino — he likes jazz/(the) opera/the cinema

    das Herstellen von Waffen ist... — manufacturing weapons is..., the manufacturing of weapons is...

    dér spätere Wittgenstein — the later Wittgenstein

    er war nicht mehr dér Hans, dér... — he was no longer the Hans who...

    ein Euro das Stück — one euro apiece or each

    20 Euro die Stunde — 20 euros an or per hour

    dér und dér Wissenschaftler — such and such a scientist

    2. dem pron gen dessen or (old) des, deren, dessen,
    pl deren dat dem, der, dem, pl denen acc den, die, das, pl die
    1) (attr) (= jener, dieser) that; (pl) those, them (inf)

    zu dér und dér Zeit — at such and such a time

    an dem und dem Ort — at such and such a place

    2) (substantivisch) he/she/it; (pl) those, them (inf)

    dér/die war es — it was him/her

    dér/die mit dér großen Nase — the one or him/her (inf) with the big nose

    mit den roten Haaren — those or them (inf) with red hair

    deine Schwester, die war nicht da (inf) — your sister, she wasn't there

    dér und schwimmen? — him, swimming?, swimming, (what) him?

    dér/die hier (von Menschen) — he/she, this man/woman etc; (von Gegenständen) this (one); (von mehreren) this one

    dér/die da (von Menschen) — he/she, that man/woman etc; (von Gegenständen) that (one); (von mehreren) that one

    die hier/da pl — they, these/those men/women etc, these/those, them (inf)

    dér, den ich meine — the one I mean

    dér und dér/die und die — so-and-so

    3. rel pron decl as dem pron
    (Mensch) who, that; (Gegenstand, Tier) which, that
    4. rel + dem pron decl as dem pron

    dér/die dafür verantwortlich war,... — the man/woman who was responsible for it

    die so etwas tun,... — those or people who do that sort of thing...

    * * *
    der1
    [de:ɐ̯]
    I. art def, nom sing m
    1. (allgemein) the
    \der Hund/Mann/Tisch the dog/man/table
    \der Mai [the month of] May
    \der Angeber! that show-off!
    2. (bei Körperteilen)
    mir tut \der Hals weh my throat hurts
    \der Hunger/Irrsinn/Tod hunger/madness/death
    \der Tod des Ikaros the death of Icarus
    \der Stahl wird auch mit anderen Elementen legiert steel is also alloyed with other elements; (bei spezifischen Stoffen) the
    \der Sauerstoff in der Luft the oxygen in the air
    \der Mann des Tages the man of the moment
    das ist \der Augenblick, auf den wir gewartet haben that's [just] the moment we've been waiting for
    \der Irak/Iran Iraq/Iran
    \der Sudan The Sudan
    \der Kongo vor der Kolonialzeit pre-colonial Congo
    \der kleine Peter little Peter
    \der spätere Dickens the later Dickens
    er war nicht mehr \der Uli, der... he was no longer the Uli who...
    das ist \der Klaus that's Klaus
    \der Papa sagt,... [my] dad says...
    \der Mensch heute man today
    \der Franzose isst gern gut the French like to eat well
    9. (nach Angaben)
    5 Euro \der Liter €5 a [or per] litre
    10. (vor Angaben)
    \der 14. August 2003 14[th] August 2003, August 14[th], 2003; (gesprochen) the fourteenth of August 2003
    Heinrich \der Achte Henry the Eighth
    \der Kleine the little boy/one
    \der Älteste the oldest [one]
    II. pron dem, nom sing m
    1. attr, betont
    \der Mann war es! it was that man!
    \der Hut gefällt mir am besten I like that/this hat [or that/this hat I like] the most
    \der Stift da that pen [there]
    \der Stift hier this pen [here]
    \der und \der Experte such and such an expert
    \der war es! it was him!
    \der hat es getan! it was him that [or who] did it!
    \der sagte mir,... he told me...
    welcher Stift? \der da? oder \der hier? which pen? that one [there]? or this one [here]?
    wer ist denn \der? (fam) who on earth is he [or that]?
    \der und joggen? him, jogging?
    \der und \der such and such
    \der mit der Brille the one [or fam him] with the glasses
    welcher Ball? — \der mit den Punkten which ball? — the/this/that one with the spots
    ach \der! (pej) oh him!
    der Chef? \der ist nicht da the boss? he's not there
    dein Vater, \der ist nicht gekommen your father, he didn't come
    mein Schuh! \der ist weg! my shoe! it's gone!
    der Scheißkerl, \der! the bastard!
    der Grund ist \der, dass... the reason is that [or because]...
    \der, den ich meinte the one I meant
    wo ist dein Bruder? — \der ist oben where's your brother? — he's upstairs
    das ist ein neuer Drucker! warum druckt \der nicht? that's a new printer! why isn't it working?
    beißt \der? does it/he/she bite?
    III. pron rel, nom sing m
    1. that; (Person a.) who/whom form; (Gegenstand, Tier a.) which
    ich hörte/sah einen Wagen, \der um die Ecke fuhr I heard/saw a car driving around the corner
    ein Film, \der gut ankommt a much-acclaimed film
    ein Roman, \der von Millionen gelesen wurde a novel [that has been] read by millions
    der König, \der vierzig Jahre herrschte,... (einschränkend) the king who [or that] reigned for forty years...; (nicht einschränkend) the king, who reigned for forty years,...
    der Mantel, \der zum Trocknen aufgehängt war,... (einschränkend) the coat that [or which] was hung up to dry...; (nicht einschränkend) the coat, which was hung up to dry,...
    der Mörder, \der von der Polizei gesucht wird,... (einschränkend) the murderer [who [or that]] the police are searching for..., the murderer for whom the police are searching... form; (nicht einschränkend) the murderer, who the police are searching for,..., the murderer, for whom the police are searching,... form
    der Fall, \der von den Ermittlern untersucht werden soll,... (einschränkend) the case [that [or which]] the investigators have to look into..., the case into which the investigators have to look... form; (nicht einschränkend) the case, which the investigators have to look into,..., the case, into which the investigators have to look,... form
    \der mir jetzt hilft, wird belohnt anyone helping [or form he who helps] me now will be rewarded
    \der diesen Brief geschrieben hat, kann gut Deutsch the person/man who wrote this letter knows good German
    \der zu so etwas fähig ist,... people who are capable of such things...; s.a. das, die
    der2
    [ˈde:ɐ̯]
    art def, gen sing f
    der Hund \der alten Frau the old woman's dog
    die Hitze \der Sonne the heat of the sun, the sun's heat
    das Schnurren \der fetten Katze the fat cat's purring, the purring of the fat cat
    die Lösung \der Formel hier the solution to this formula, this formula's solution
    der Einspruch \der Frau da that woman's objection, the objection from that woman
    die Farbe \der Zunge deutete auf seine Krankheit the colour of his tongue indicated his illness
    ein Opfer \der Liebe a victim of love
    ein Zeichen \der Hoffnung a sign of hope
    das Kämmen \der Wolle the combing of wool
    die Berge \der Schweiz the mountains of Switzerland
    die Puppe \der kleinen Sabine little Sabine's doll
    ich ruf an wegen \der Anna I'm calling to talk to you about Anna
    die Arien \der Callas Callas' arias
    8. (form: vor Namen)
    ein Antrag \der Ute Kley a petition from Ute Kley
    die Rolle \der Frau in Management women's role [or the role of women] in management
    die Trinkfestigkeit \der Engländerin the ability of the Englishwoman to hold her drink
    10. (geh: nach Angaben)
    10 Meter \der kostbarsten Seide 10 metres of the most precious silk
    das Spielzeug \der Kleinen the little one's [or girl's] toys
    die Weisheit \der Ältesten the wisdom of the eldest [woman]; s.a. das, die
    der3
    I. art def, dat sing f
    1. siehe auch vb (allgemein)
    sie redeten mit/von \der Nachbarin they were talking with/about the neighbour
    ich klopfte an \der Tür I knocked at the door
    das Bild hängt an \der Wand the picture is hanging on the wall
    sie folgte \der Frau/Menge she followed the woman/crowd
    er gab \der Großmutter den Brief he gave his grandmother the letter, he gave the letter to his grandmother
    es gehört \der Frau da it belongs to that woman
    es entspricht \der Textstelle hier it corresponds to this passage in the text
    er schlug den Tisch mit \der Faust he thumped the table with his fist
    er widmete \der Liebe ein Gedicht he dedicated a poem to love
    mit \der Hoffnung eines Verzweifelten with the hope of a desperate man
    \der Bronze wird auch Phosphor beigemischt phosphorus is also added to bronze; (bei spezifischen Stoffen)
    mit \der Wolle dieses Schafs with the wool from this sheep, with this sheep's wool
    wir segelten mit \der ‚Nordwind‘ we sailed on the [yacht] ‘Nordwind’
    in \der Schweiz [der Zwischenkriegsjahre] in [interwar] Switzerland
    \der kleinen Jenny geht's nicht gut little Jenny isn't feeling well
    sie ist bei \der Kati she's at Kati's place
    er hat \der Callas mal die Hand geküsst he once kissed Callas' hand
    von \der Frau in der Industrie of women in industry
    als das Pferd \der Maschine wich when the horse gave way to the engine
    mit 20 Flaschen \der Kiste with 20 bottles a [or per] crate
    gib \der Kleinen einen Kuss give the little one a kiss
    wir gingen zu \der Ältesten we went to the elder
    II. pron dem, dat sing f
    1. attr, betont
    \der Pflanze muss man Dünger geben that plant must be given fertilizer
    \der Frau hast du es erzählt? you told it to that woman?
    zu \der und \der Zeit at such and such a time
    glaub \der bloß nicht! don't believe her [of all people]!
    III. pron rel, dat sing f, siehe auch vb
    meine Kollegin, \der die Aufgabe zugeteilt wurde,... (einschränkend) my colleague who [or that] was assigned the task...; (nicht einschränkend) my colleague, who was assigned the task,...
    die Lösung, \der der Alkohol entzogen war,... (einschränkend) the solution that [or which] had its alcohol extracted...; (nicht einschränkend) the solution, which had its alcohol extracted,...
    die Abgeordnete, \der ich oft schrieb,... (einschränkend) the MP [who [or that]] I often wrote to..., the MP to whom I often wrote... form; (nicht einschränkend) the MP, who I often wrote to,..., the MP, to whom I often wrote,... form
    die Grippe, unter \der sie leiden,... (einschränkend) the flu [that [or which]] they're suffering from..., the flu from which they're suffering... form; (nicht einschränkend) the flu, which they're suffering from,..., the flu, from which they're suffering,... form; s.a. das, die
    der4
    art def, gen pl
    1. siehe auch n (allgemein)
    die Anstrengungen \der Schüler the pupils' efforts, the efforts of the pupils
    die Zeichnungen \der beiden Schwestern the two sisters' drawings, the drawings by the two sisters
    das Gezwitscher \der Vögel the twittering of the birds
    das Gewicht \der Platten the weight of the slabs
    die Wohnung \der Eltern my/his/her etc. parents' flat
    die Lösungen \der Formeln hier the solutions to these formulae
    der Einspruch \der Frauen da those women's objection, the objection from those women
    die Farbe \der Haare gefiel ihr nicht she didn't like the colour of her hair
    die Sprachen \der Niederlande the languages of [or spoken in] the Netherlands
    das Haus \der Müllers the Millers' house
    4. (form: vor Namen)
    ein Antrag \der Heinz und Ute Kley a petition from Heinz and Ute Kley
    die Rolle \der Pflanzen in der Medizin the role of plants in medicine
    6. (geh: nach Angaben)
    10 Kisten \der feinsten Äpfel 10 crates of the finest apples
    das Spielzeug \der Kleinen the little ones' toys
    die Weisheit \der Ältesten the wisdom of the elders; s.a. das, die
    * * *
    I 1.
    bestimmter Artikel Nom. the

    der April/Winter — April/winter

    der ‘Faust’ — ‘Faust’

    der Dieter — (ugs.) Dieter

    der Kapitalismus/Islam — capitalism/Islam

    der Bodensee/Mount Everest — Lake Constance/Mount Everest

    2.
    1) attr. that

    der und arbeiten! — (ugs.) [what,] him work! (coll.)

    der [da] — (Mann) that man; (Gegenstand, Tier) that one

    der [hier] — (Mann) this man; (Gegenstand, Tier) this one

    3.
    Relativpronomen (Mensch) who/that; (Sache) which/that

    der Mann, der da drüben entlanggeht — the man walking along over there

    4.
    Relativ- und Demonstrativpronomen the one who
    II 1.
    bestimmter Artikel
    1) Gen. Sg. v. die I 1.
    2) Dat. Sg. v. die I 1.: to the; (nach Präp.) the
    3) Gen. Pl. v. der I 1., die I 1., das 1.

    das Haus der Freunde — our/their etc. friends' house

    2.
    1) Gen. Sg. v. die I 2. 1): of the; of that
    2) Dat. Sg. v. die I 2. attr

    der Frau [da/hier] gehört es — it belongs to that woman there/this woman here; allein stehend

    gib es der da! — (ugs.) give it to 'her

    3) Gen. Pl. v. der I 2. 1), die I 2. 1), das 2. 1): of those
    3.
    Relativpronomen; Dat. Sg. v. die I 3. (Person) whom

    die Frau, der ich es gegeben habe — the woman to whom 1 gave it; the woman 1 gave it to; (Sache) that/which

    die Katze, der er einen Tritt gab — the cat [that] he kicked

    * * *
    A. best art
    1. m; (nom sg) the;
    der eine ist fleißig, der andere faul (the) one is hard-working, the other one is lazy;
    der Tod death;
    der Mensch (alle Menschen) man(kind), humankind;
    der große Goethe the famous Goethe;
    der arme Peter poor Peter;
    der Peter, den ich kenne the Peter (who oder that) I know;
    der Hyde Park Hyde Park
    2. (gen sg von die) of the;
    die Mauern der Stadt auch the city walls
    3. (dat sg von die) to the;
    den Schlüssel habe ich der Nachbarin gegeben I gave the key to the neighbo(u)r
    4. (gen pl von der, die, das) of the;
    die Ankunft der Kinder auch the children’s arrival
    B. dem pr
    1. m; (nom sg) that (one), this (one); (er) he, it;
    der Mann hier this man;
    der mit dem Bart the one with the beard;
    nur der kann das verstehen, der … only he ( oder that man) who … can understand it;
    der und baden gehen? you won’t catch him going swimming;
    der und ehrlich? Dass ich nicht lache! him? honest? Pull the other one! ( oder Give me a break!)
    2. (dat sg von die)
    zu der und der Zeit umg at such and such a time
    C. rel pr
    1. m; (nom sg) bei Personen: who, that; bei Sachen: which, that;
    der Bezirk, der einen Teil von X bildet the district forming part of X;
    der erste Stein, der geworfen wurde the first stone that was thrown;
    er war der Erste, der es erfuhr he was the first to know;
    jeder, der … anyone who …;
    ich, der ich selbst dabei war I, who was there myself
    2. (dat sg von die) bei Personen: who(m), who … to, to whom form; bei Sachen: that, which;
    die Freundin, der ich meine Sorgen erzählte the friend (whom) I told about my problems ( oder to whom I told my problems)
    * * *
    I 1.
    bestimmter Artikel Nom. the

    der April/Winter — April/winter

    der ‘Faust’ — ‘Faust’

    der Dieter — (ugs.) Dieter

    der Kapitalismus/Islam — capitalism/Islam

    der Bodensee/Mount Everest — Lake Constance/Mount Everest

    2.
    1) attr. that

    der und arbeiten! — (ugs.) [what,] him work! (coll.)

    der [da] — (Mann) that man; (Gegenstand, Tier) that one

    der [hier] — (Mann) this man; (Gegenstand, Tier) this one

    3.
    Relativpronomen (Mensch) who/that; (Sache) which/that

    der Mann, der da drüben entlanggeht — the man walking along over there

    4.
    Relativ- und Demonstrativpronomen the one who
    II 1.
    bestimmter Artikel
    1) Gen. Sg. v. die I 1.
    2) Dat. Sg. v. die I 1.: to the; (nach Präp.) the
    3) Gen. Pl. v. der I 1., die I 1., das 1.

    das Haus der Freunde — our/their etc. friends' house

    2.
    1) Gen. Sg. v. die I 2. 1): of the; of that
    2) Dat. Sg. v. die I 2. attr

    der Frau [da/hier] gehört es — it belongs to that woman there/this woman here; allein stehend

    gib es der da! — (ugs.) give it to 'her

    3) Gen. Pl. v. der I 2. 1), die I 2. 1), das 2. 1): of those
    3.
    Relativpronomen; Dat. Sg. v. die I 3. (Person) whom

    die Frau, der ich es gegeben habe — the woman to whom 1 gave it; the woman 1 gave it to; (Sache) that/which

    die Katze, der er einen Tritt gab — the cat [that] he kicked

    * * *
    (neueste) Stand der Technik m.
    the state of the art n. art.m.
    the art. pron.
    which pron.
    who pron.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > der

  • 16 Strutt, Jedediah

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 26 July 1726 South Normanton, near Alfreton, Derbyshire, England
    d. 7 May 1797 Derby, England
    [br]
    English inventor of a machine for making ribbed knitting.
    [br]
    Jedediah Strutt was the second of three sons of William, a small farmer and maltster at South Normanton, near Alfreton, Derbyshire, where the only industry was a little framework knitting. At the age of 14 Jedediah was apprenticed to Ralph Massey, a wheelwright near Derby, and lodged with the Woollats, whose daughter Elizabeth he later married in 1755. He moved to Leicester and in 1754 started farming at Blackwell, where an uncle had died and left him the stock on his farm. It was here that he made his knitting invention.
    William Lee's knitting machine remained in virtually the same form as he left it until the middle of the eighteenth century. The knitting industry moved away from London into the Midlands and in 1730 a Nottingham workman, using Indian spun yarn, produced the first pair of cotton hose ever made by mechanical means. This industry developed quickly and by 1750 was providing employment for 1,200 frameworkers using both wool and cotton in the Nottingham and Derby areas. It was against this background that Jedediah Strutt obtained patents for his Derby rib machine in 1758 and 1759.
    The machine was a highly ingenious mechanism, which when placed in front of an ordinary stocking frame enabled the fashionable ribbed stockings to be made by machine instead of by hand. To develop this invention, he formed a partnership first with his brother-in-law, William Woollat, and two leading Derby hosiers, John Bloodworth and Thomas Stamford. This partnership was dissolved in 1762 and another was formed with Woollat and the Nottingham hosier Samuel Need. Strutt's invention was followed by a succession of innovations which enabled framework knitters to produce almost every kind of mesh on their machines. In 1764 the stocking frame was adapted to the making of eyelet holes, and this later lead to the production of lace. In 1767 velvet was made on these frames, and two years later brocade. In this way Strutt's original invention opened up a new era for knitting. Although all these later improvements were not his, he was able to make a fortune from his invention. In 1762 he was made a freeman of Nottingham, but by then he was living in Derby. His business at Derby was concerned mainly with silk hose and he had a silk mill there.
    It was partly his need for cotton yarn and partly his wealth which led him into partnership with Richard Arkwright, John Smalley and David Thornley to exploit Arkwright's patent for spinning cotton by rollers. Together with Samuel Need, they financed the Arkwright partnership in 1770 to develop the horse-powered mill in Nottingham and then the water-powered mill at Cromford. Strutt gave advice to Arkwright about improving the machinery and helped to hold the partnership together when Arkwright fell out with his first partners. Strutt was also involved, in London, where he had a house, with the parliamentary proceedings over the passing of the Calico Act in 1774, which opened up the trade in British-manufactured all-cotton cloth.
    In 1776 Strutt financed the construction of his own mill at Helper, about seven miles (11 km) further down the Derwent valley below Cromford. This was followed by another at Milford, a little lower on the river. Strutt was also a partner with Arkwright and others in the mill at Birkacre, near Chorley in Lancashire. The Strutt mills were developed into large complexes for cotton spinning and many experiments were later carried out in them, both in textile machinery and in fireproof construction for the mills themselves. They were also important training schools for engineers.
    Elizabeth Strutt died in 1774 and Jedediah never married again. The family seem to have lived frugally in spite of their wealth, probably influenced by their Nonconformist background. He had built a house near the mills at Milford, but it was in his Derby house that Jedediah died in 1797. By the time of his death, his son William had long been involved with the business and became a more important cotton spinner than Jedediah.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1758. British patent no. 722 (Derby rib machine). 1759. British patent no. 734 (Derby rib machine).
    Further Reading
    For the involvement of Strutt in Arkwright's spinning ventures, there are two books, the earlier of which is R.S.Fitton and A.P.Wadsworth, 1958, The Strutts and the Arkwrights, 1758–1830, Manchester, which has most of the details about Strutt's life. This has been followed by R.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester.
    R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (for a general background to the textile industry of the period).
    W.Felkin, 1967, History of the Machine-wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufactures, reprint, Newton Abbot (orig. pub. 1867) (covers Strutt's knitting inventions).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Strutt, Jedediah

  • 17 Bourn, Daniel

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    fl. 1744 Lancashire, England
    [br]
    English inventor of a machine with cylinders for carding cotton.
    [br]
    Daniel Bourn may well have been a native of Lancashire. He set up a fourth Paul-Wyatt cotton-spinning mill at Leominster, Herefordshire, possibly in 1744, although the earliest mention of it is in 1748. His only known partner in this mill was Henry Morris, a yarn dealer who in 1743 had bought a grant of spindles from Paul at the low rate of 30 shillings or 40 shillings per spindle when the current price was £3 or £4. When Bourn patented his carding engine in 1748, he asked Wyatt for a grant of spindles, to which Wyatt agreed because £100 was offered immedi-ately. The mill, which was probably the only one outside the control of Paul and his backers, was destroyed by fire in 1754 and was not rebuilt, although Bourn and his partners had considerable hopes for it. Bourn was said to have lost over £1,600 in the venture.
    Daniel Bourn described himself as a wool and cotton dealer of Leominster in his patent of 1748 for his carding engine. The significance of this invention is the use of rotating cylinders covered with wire clothing. The patent drawing shows four cylinders, one following the other to tease out the wool, but Bourn was unable to discover a satisfactory method of removing the fibres from the last cylinder. It is possible that Robert Peel in Lancashire obtained one of these engines through Morris, and that James Hargreaves tried to improve it; if so, then some of the early carding engines in the cotton industry were derived from Bourn's.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1748, British patent no. 628 (carding engine).
    Further Reading
    A.P.Wadsworth and J.de Lacy Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire 1600–1780, Manchester (the most significant reference to Bourn).
    R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (provides an examination of the carding patent).
    R.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester (mentions Bourn in his survey of the textile scene before Arkwright).
    R.Jenkins, 1936–7, "Industries of Herefordshire in Bygone Times", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 17 (includes a reference to Bourn's mill).
    C.Singer (ed.), 1957, A History of Technology, Vol. III, Oxford: Clarendon Press; ibid., 1958, Vol, IV (brief mentions of Bourn's work).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Bourn, Daniel

  • 18 Fairbairn, Sir Peter

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. September 1799 Kelso, Roxburghshire, Scotland
    d. 4 January 1861 Leeds, Yorkshire, England
    [br]
    British inventor of the revolving tube between drafting rollers to give false twist.
    [br]
    Born of Scottish parents, Fairbairn was apprenticed at the age of 14 to John Casson, a mill-wright and engineer at the Percy Main Colliery, Newcastle upon Tyne, and remained there until 1821 when he went to work for his brother William in Manchester. After going to various other places, including Messrs Rennie in London and on the European continent, he eventually moved in 1829 to Leeds where Marshall helped him set up the Wellington Foundry and so laid the foundations for the colossal establishment which was to employ over one thousand workers. To begin with he devoted his attention to improving wool-weaving machinery, substituting iron for wood in the construction of the textile machines. He also worked on machinery for flax, incorporating many of Philippe de Girard's ideas. He assisted Henry Houldsworth in the application of the differential to roving frames, and it was to these machines that he added his own inventions. The longer fibres of wool and flax need to have some form of support and control between the rollers when they are being drawn out, and inserting a little twist helps. However, if the roving is too tightly twisted before passing through the first pair of rollers, it cannot be drawn out, while if there is insufficient twist, the fibres do not receive enough support in the drafting zone. One solution is to twist the fibres together while they are actually in the drafting zone between the rollers. In 1834, Fairbairn patented an arrangement consisting of a revolving tube placed between the drawing rollers. The tube inserted a "middle" or "false" twist in the material. As stated in the specification, it was "a well-known contrivance… for twisting and untwisting any roving passing through it". It had been used earlier in 1822 by J. Goulding of the USA and a similar idea had been developed by C.Danforth in America and patented in Britain in 1825 by J.C. Dyer. Fairbairn's machine, however, was said to make a very superior article. He was also involved with waste-silk spinning and rope-yarn machinery.
    Fairbairn later began constructing machine tools, and at the beginning of the Crimean War was asked by the Government to make special tools for the manufacture of armaments. He supplied some of these, such as cannon rifling machines, to the arsenals at Woolwich and Enfield. He then made a considerable number of tools for the manufacture of the Armstrong gun. He was involved in the life of his adopted city and was elected to Leeds town council in 1832 for ten years. He was elected an alderman in 1854 and was Mayor of Leeds from 1857 to 1859, when he was knighted by Queen Victoria at the opening of the new town hall. He was twice married, first to Margaret Kennedy and then to Rachel Anne Brindling.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1858.
    Bibliography
    1834, British patent no. 6,741 (revolving tube between drafting rollers to give false twist).
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of National Biography.
    Obituary, 1861, Engineer 11.
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (provides a brief account of Fairbairn's revolving tube).
    C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vols IV and V, Oxford: Clarendon Press (provides details of Fairbairn's silk-dressing machine and a picture of a large planing machine built by him).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Fairbairn, Sir Peter

  • 19 Holden, Sir Isaac

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 7 May 1807 Hurlet, between Paisley and Glasgow, Scotland
    d. 13 August 1897
    [br]
    British developer of the wool-combing machine.
    [br]
    Isaac Holden's father, who had the same name, had been a farmer and lead miner at Alston in Cumbria before moving to work in a coal-mine near Glasgow. After a short period at Kilbarchan grammar school, the younger Isaac was engaged first as a drawboy to two weavers and then, after the family had moved to Johnstone, Scotland, worked in a cotton-spinning mill while attending night school to improve his education. He was able to learn Latin and bookkeeping, but when he was about 15 he was apprenticed to an uncle as a shawl-weaver. This proved to be too much for his strength so he returned to scholastic studies and became Assistant to an able teacher, John Kennedy, who lectured on physics, chemistry and history, which he also taught to his colleague. The elder Isaac died in 1826 and the younger had to provide for his mother and younger brother, but in 1828, at the age of 21, he moved to a teaching post in Leeds. He filled similar positions in Huddersfield and Reading, where in October 1829 he invented and demonstrated the lucifer match but did not seek to exploit it. In 1830 he returned because of ill health to his mother in Scotland, where he began to teach again. However, he was recommended as a bookkeeper to William Townend, member of the firm of Townend Brothers, Cullingworth, near Bingley, Yorkshire. Holden moved there in November 1830 and was soon involved in running the mill, eventually becoming a partner.
    In 1833 Holden urged Messrs Townend to introduce seven wool-combing machines of Collier's designs, but they were found to be very imperfect and brought only trouble and loss. In 1836 Holden began experimenting on the machines until they showed reasonable success. He decided to concentrate entirely on developing the combing machine and in 1846 moved to Bradford to form an alliance with Samuel Lister. A joint patent in 1847 covered improvements to the Collier combing machine. The "square motion" imitated the action of the hand-comber more closely and was patented in 1856. Five more patents followed in 1857 and others from 1858 to 1862. Holden recommended that the machines should be introduced into France, where they would be more valuable for the merino trade. This venture was begun in 1848 in the joint partnership of Lister \& Holden, with equal shares of profits. Holden established a mill at Saint-Denis, first with Donisthorpe machines and then with his own "square motion" type. Other mills were founded at Rheims and at Croix, near Roubaix. In 1858 Lister decided to retire from the French concerns and sold his share to Holden. Soon after this, Holden decided to remodel all their machinery for washing and carding the gill machines as well as perfecting the square comb. Four years of excessive application followed, during which time £20,000 was spent in experiments in a small mill at Bradford. The result fully justified the expenditure and the Alston Works was built in Bradford.
    Holden was a Liberal and from 1865 to 1868 he represented Knaresborough in Parliament. Later he became the Member of Parliament for the Northern Division of the Riding, Yorkshire, and then for the town of Keighley after the constituencies had been altered. He was liberal in his support of religious, charitable and political objectives. His house at Oakworth, near Keighley, must have been one of the earliest to have been lit by electricity.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Baronet 1893.
    Bibliography
    1847, with Samuel Lister, British patent no. 11,896 (improved Collier combing machine). 1856. British patent no. 1,058 ("square motion" combing machine).
    1857. British patent no. 278 1857, British patent no. 279 1857, British patent no. 280 1857, British patent no. 281 1857, British patent no. 3,177 1858, British patent no. 597 1859, British patent no. 52 1860, British patent no. 810 1862, British patent no. 1,890 1862, British patent no. 3,394
    Further Reading
    J.Hogg (ed.), c.1888, Fortunes Made in Business, London (provides an account of Holden's life).
    Obituary, 1897, Engineer 84.
    Obituary, 1897, Engineering 64.
    E.M.Sigsworth, 1973, "Sir Isaac Holden, Bt: the first comber in Europe", in N.B.Harte and K.G.Ponting (eds), Textile History and Economic History, Essays in Honour of
    Miss Julia de Lacy Mann, Manchester.
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (provides a good explanation of the square motion combing machine).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Holden, Sir Isaac

  • 20 Geschäft

    n; -(e)s, -e
    1. business; (Transaktion) transaction, deal; dunkles Geschäft racket umg.; ein Geschäft abschließen oder tätigen do ( oder clinch) a deal, conclude a piece of business; Geschäfte machen mit (jemandem) do business with; (etw.) deal in; wie gehen die Geschäfte? how’s business?; die Geschäfte gehen gut / schlecht business is good / slack; Geschäft ist Geschäft business is business; die laufenden Geschäfte current business Sg.; die Geschäfte führen ( für) manage the affairs (of); in Geschäften unterwegs sein be away ( oder travel) on business; seinen Geschäften nachgehen go about one’s business; ( groß) ins Geschäft kommen make (a lot of) money ( mit out of); kommen wir miteinander ins Geschäft? can we do business?
    2. nur Sg.; Koll.: das Geschäft business; an der Börse: trading; (Handel) trade, business; Geschäft in Wolle etc. wool etc. trading; das Geschäft mit Abenteuerreisen blüht business in adventure holidays (Am. vacations) is booming
    3. (Firma) business, firm, company; (Laden) shop, bes. Am. store; gut gehendes Geschäft thriving business; in ein Geschäft einsteigen go into a business; ich muss jetzt ins Geschäft (in die Arbeit) I’ve got to go to work
    4. (Angelegenheit) business, affair; (Arbeit) work; (Beschäftigung) trade, line, job; (Aufgabe) duty; ein undankbares Geschäft a thankless task; er versteht sein Geschäft he knows what he’s doing
    5. (Gewinn) profit; sie hat damit ein ( gutes) / kein Geschäft gemacht she made a (good) profit / didn’t make a profit on that; das wäre doch ein Geschäft für dich you could make money out of that; das Geschäft mit der Angst fig. exploiting ( oder playing on) people’s fear and insecurity
    6. umg., euph. (Notdurft): sein Geschäft verrichten oder machen do one’s business; kleines / großes Geschäft small / big job
    * * *
    das Geschäft
    (Firma) firm; concern; business;
    (Geschäftsabschluss) deal; transaction; business deal; bargain;
    (Laden) retail outlet; store; shop;
    (Tätigkeit) business; trade; dealing
    * * *
    Ge|schạ̈ft [gə'ʃɛft]
    nt -(e)s, -e
    1) (= Gewerbe, Handel) business no pl; (= Geschäftsabschluss) (business) deal or transaction

    Geschäft ist Geschäft — business is business

    wie geht das Geschäft?, wie gehen die Geschäfte? — how's business?

    mit jdm ins Geschäft kommen — to do business with sb

    im Geschäft sein — to be in business

    für jdn die Geschäfte führen — to act for sb; (im Gewerbe, Handel) to run the business for sb

    ein Geschäft tätigen — to do a deal, to make a transaction, to carry out a transaction

    dunkle Geschäfte treiben — to be involved in some shady dealings or business

    ein gutes/schlechtes Geschäft machen — to make a good/bad deal

    dabei hat er ein Geschäft gemacht — he made a profit by it

    Geschäfte mit etw machen — to make money out of sth

    das Geschäft mit der Lust — the sex industry

    2) (= Aufgabe) duty

    das gehört zu den Geschäften des Ministers — that is one of the minister's duties, that is part of the minister's work

    seinen Geschäften nachgehen — to go about one's business

    3) (= Firma) business; (= Laden) shop (Brit), store; (inf = Büro) office

    die Geschäfte schließen um 17.30 Uhr — the shops (esp Brit) or stores close at 5.30

    im Geschäft — at work, in the office

    4) (baby-talk = Notdurft)

    kleines/großes Geschäft — little/big job (baby-talk), number one/two (baby-talk)

    * * *
    das
    1) (occupation; buying and selling: Selling china is my business; The shop does more business at Christmas than at any other time.) business
    2) (a shop, a firm: He owns his own business.) business
    3) (a dishonest way of making money: the drug racket.) racket
    * * *
    Ge·schäft
    <-[e]s, -e>
    [gəˈʃɛft]
    nt
    1. (Laden) shop, AM usu store; (Kaufhaus) department store
    im \Geschäft in the shop [or department store
    2. (Gewerbe, Handel) business, trade
    [mit jdm] \Geschäfte machen to do business [with sb]; (Handel betreiben) to do a deal [with sb], to strike a bargain [with sb]
    mit etw dat \Geschäfte machen to trade in sth; (Handel mit etw betreiben) to do a deal in sth
    für jdn die \Geschäfte führen to manage [or run] the business for sb
    im \Geschäft sein to be in business
    mit jdm ins \Geschäft kommen (eine einmalige Transaktion) to do a deal with sb; (dauerhaftes Geschäft) to do business with sb
    wie gehen die \Geschäfte? how's business?
    das \Geschäft mit der Angst trading on [people's] fears
    \Geschäft ist \Geschäft business is business
    sein \Geschäft verstehen to know one's onions [or stuff] fam
    3. (Geschäftsabschluss) deal, transaction
    ein \Geschäft machen to do [ or esp AM make] a deal
    ein gutes \Geschäft machen to get a good [or real] bargain
    für jdn ein/kein \Geschäft sein to be a good deal/not much of a deal for sb
    [mit jdm] ein \Geschäft abschließen to complete a transaction [or deal] [with sb]
    [mit jdm] ein \Geschäft tätigen to do a deal [with sb]
    4. DIAL (Firma) work
    ich gehe um 8 Uhr ins \Geschäft I go to work at 8 o'clock
    5. DIAL (große, mühsame Arbeit) job fam, job and a half fam
    6. (Angelegenheit) business, matter
    7.
    ▶ kleines/großes \Geschäft (kindersprache) number one/number two childspeak, pee/big job vulg [or pooh] [or AM poop]
    ▶ sein \Geschäft verrichten to do a job BRIT vulg, to relieve oneself, to go to the toilet euph
    * * *
    das; Geschäft[e]s, Geschäfte
    1) business; (Abmachung) [business] deal or transaction

    mit jemandem Geschäfte/ein Geschäft machen — do business/strike a bargain or do a deal with somebody

    mit etwas ein gutes/schlechtes Geschäft machen — make a good/poor profit on something

    2) o. Pl. (Absatz) business no art.

    das Geschäft blüht — business or trade is booming

    3) (Firma) business

    im Geschäft — (südd.) at work

    ein Geschäft führen — run or manage a business

    4) (Laden) shop; store (Amer.); (Kaufhaus) store
    5) (Aufgabe) task; duty
    6)

    sein großes/kleines Geschäft erledigen od. machen — (ugs. verhüll.) do big jobs or number two/small jobs or number one (child language)

    * * *
    Geschäft n; -(e)s, -e
    1. business; (Transaktion) transaction, deal;
    dunkles Geschäft racket umg;
    tätigen do ( oder clinch) a deal, conclude a piece of business;
    Geschäfte machen mit (jemandem) do business with; (etwas) deal in;
    wie gehen die Geschäfte? how’s business?;
    die Geschäfte gehen gut/schlecht business is good/slack;
    Geschäft ist Geschäft business is business;
    die laufenden Geschäfte current business sg;
    die Geschäfte führen (für) manage the affairs (of);
    in Geschäften unterwegs sein be away ( oder travel) on business;
    seinen Geschäften nachgehen go about one’s business;
    (groß) ins Geschäft kommen make (a lot of) money (
    mit out of);
    kommen wir miteinander ins Geschäft? can we do business?
    2. nur sg; koll:
    das Geschäft business; an der Börse: trading; (Handel) trade, business;
    Geschäft in Wolle etc wool etc trading;
    das Geschäft mit Abenteuerreisen blüht business in adventure holidays (US vacations) is booming
    3. (Firma) business, firm, company; (Laden) shop, besonders US store;
    gut gehendes Geschäft thriving business;
    in ein Geschäft einsteigen go into a business;
    4. (Angelegenheit) business, affair; (Arbeit) work; (Beschäftigung) trade, line, job; (Aufgabe) duty;
    ein undankbares Geschäft a thankless task;
    er versteht sein Geschäft he knows what he’s doing
    5. (Gewinn) profit;
    sie hat damit ein (gutes)/kein Geschäft gemacht she made a (good) profit/didn’t make a profit on that;
    das wäre doch ein Geschäft für dich you could make money out of that;
    das Geschäft mit der Angst fig exploiting ( oder playing on) people’s fear and insecurity
    6. umg, euph (Notdurft):
    machen do one’s business;
    kleines/großes Geschäft small/big job
    * * *
    das; Geschäft[e]s, Geschäfte
    1) business; (Abmachung) [business] deal or transaction

    mit jemandem Geschäfte/ein Geschäft machen — do business/strike a bargain or do a deal with somebody

    mit etwas ein gutes/schlechtes Geschäft machen — make a good/poor profit on something

    2) o. Pl. (Absatz) business no art.

    das Geschäft blüht — business or trade is booming

    3) (Firma) business

    im Geschäft — (südd.) at work

    ein Geschäft führen — run or manage a business

    4) (Laden) shop; store (Amer.); (Kaufhaus) store
    5) (Aufgabe) task; duty
    6)

    sein großes/kleines Geschäft erledigen od. machen — (ugs. verhüll.) do big jobs or number two/small jobs or number one (child language)

    * * *
    -e n.
    affair n.
    bargain n.
    biz* n.
    business n.
    concern n.
    shop n.
    trade n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Geschäft

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